The Second Dimension

INTRODUCTION

Sciences are based on observation, and are propelled by curiosity and questioning. The biggest obstacle before the advancement of sciences is bias, and its source is familiarity. A person who is accustomed to seeing two things together all the time eventually develops the idea that those two things are parts of each other or one is the source of the other. It is very difficult to break this prejudice solidly entrenched over time. One of the most important things we do at schools is to correct such preconceived notions that the students bring with them to class. For example, no student in a physics class will object to the conservation of energy principle, which is an expression of the fist law of thermodynamics. Yet many will have a hard time believing that a refrigerator placed in the middle of an isolated room with its door open will actually heat the room rather than cooling it – even if its motor is made of superconductors and thus generated practically heat. This is because we are conditioned to associate refrigerators with coolness. Experiments with mice also show how conditioning can be the source of misinformation.

Likewise, we sense many things – including force, love, and even life – only when they manifest themselves on matter, and naturally we think matter to be the source of everything. This prejudgment that we grew up with without much reasoning still forms the main platform that sciences are based on, and it is about time that we question it. In this article, the current one-dimensional view that the universe and everything in it are made entirely of matter (or energy) is seriously questioned, and an alternative view that may deeply affect, and even change, our current understanding of beings is proposed. It is reasoned on the basis of observations that all beings are mixtures of matter and non-matter components, and it is shown that the universe is made of several non-matter layers in addition to the familiar layer of matter.

MATTER AND ENERGY

As can be seen from Einstein’s famous formula E = mc2, matter and energy are two different manifestations of the same thing, and one can be converted to the other. That is, matter and energy are equivalent in nature, and matter can be viewed as a form of energy. Also, despite what is implied by the laws of “conservation of mass” and “conservation of energy,” what is conserved in universe is not matter or energy, but rather, it is their sum.

Matter is made of elements like hydrogen and carbon, elements are made of atoms, atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons, protons and neutrons are made of quarks, and all are possibly made of neutrinos that are suspected of being the fundamental building block of the universe. Electrons, quarks, and neutrinos resemble waves rather than bouncing particles, and possess wave properties. For example, the wave nature of electrons can be shown easily by an interference experiment. We can say that the physical universe is made of particles, or by another view, of waves – just like a TV broadcast. That is, the most fundamental form of the “raw material” of the universe is an “energy wave”. These energy waves turn into apples, flowers, birds, and people – just like a TV broadcast waves turning into apples, flowers, birds, and people on the screen. That is, the raw material of the human body is exactly the same as the raw material of a rock – both are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons (or waves, just like a TV broadcast).

The conversions of matter and energy to each other are among routine occurrences in particle physics research labs. Each particle has an antiparticle twin that has the same mass but the opposite charge. When a particle meets its antiparticle, both vanish and an equivalent amount of energy is released. Likewise, when there is sufficient energy, a pair of particle and antiparticle forms under right conditions. For example, when an electron and an antielectron (a positively charged electron, also called positron) are collided at high speed, they annihilate each other and radiate an equivalent amount of gamma rays, which is then converted to quark and antiquark particles. Likewise, when a proton and antiproton collide, the gluon ray that emerges forms a quark, antiquark, electron, and neutrino particles.

Now such mass-energy conversions occur at the atomic level. In 2002, when an antihydrogen atom made of an antiproton and an antielectron is collided with a hydrogen atom in CERN labs, it is observed that both atoms vanish and give off an equivalent amount of energy. Further, 5 million tons of matter in the sun is converted to energy every second. All these observations show clearly that matter is a form of energy.

Particle physics theories require the amounts of matter and antimatter to be the same in early stages of the formation of the universe after big bang. But today there is hardly any antimatter, and this matter-antimatter imbalance continues to be a puzzle for physicists. Of course if this weren’t this way, there would remain no matter in the universe, and everything would turn into electromagnetic radiation. This anomaly called “CP violation” still remains unexplained. But in any case, our basic building block is no different than the building block (electromagnetic radiation) of a human image on a TV screen. And it can be said that it is quite possible for the universe that seems so sturdy to disappear at an instant just like the disappearance of a TV broadcast work when electric power goes out.

This television analogy raises the following interesting question: Considering that the basic building blocks of a TV broadcast and the universe are the same, and the TV broadcast is renewed constantly, cold it be that the universe is also renewed constantly? Could there be truth to past claims that there may be white spots that generate these waves next to black holes that swallow everything? To push the boundaries of thought even further, couldn’t these white spots be Siamese twins of black holes? Well, we will refer these questions to science fiction writers, and return to our main topic.

Calculations show that it is not possible to account for the gravitational force that holds the stars in galaxies together with visible mass. Therefore, some kind of invisible mass called “dark matter” should provide the additional gravitational force. Dark matter does not give off, absorb, or reflect light. Also, unlike visible matter, dark matter is not made of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

It is estimated that 80% of total mass in the universe is dark matter, and the most probable basic building block of dark matter is the shadowy particle neutrino. This means, most of the universe that we live in exists in “our knowledge” rather than in a physical form. Also, matter is not something that exists in space of time; rather, space and time exists because of matter.

THE GLUE THAT HOLDS MATTER TOGETHER: FORCE

If the universe comprised of matter (or energy) only, it would have remained as a cloud of dust (or energy) after big bang. The formation of “meaningful” structures like atoms requires the particles to be brought together, and this requires force. For example, it is the strong force that holds quarks together in a proton, and also the positively charged protons that repel each other in the nucleus of an atom.

Force affects matter, is transmitted by matter, but it is not matter. Force itself cannot be seen; its existence is known by the effect it exerts on matter. This effect is thought to be caused by force carrying particles – like the photon, which is the carrier particle of the electromagnetic force, and the yet unobserved graviton, which is the carrier particle of the gravitational force. Forces are simply the effects of force carrier particles on matter particles. There is a widespread belief that all forces, like all matter, are made of the same fundamental building block, but this so called unified theory is not proven yet.

It appears that if there were no forces (or force carrier particles), everything in the universe – all atoms including the ones in our bodies – would blow apart and turn into a dust of particles. It seems like there is a non-material mold, a nest, a spirit made of force within each atom, and the subatomic particles rush into their nests and settle under the dictation of natural laws. That is, even a simple proton is a mix of matter and non-matter, and the physical structure disintegrates and disappears when force, which is the non-matter component, is vanished – just like a building collapsing and turning into a pile of bricks when the plaster between the bricks is removed. Some particle physicists believe that every fundamental matter particle has a massive “shadow” force carrier particle, and every force carrier has a massive “shadow” matter particle. This relationship between matter particles and force carriers is called supersymmetry, and studies on this relationship continue in CERN and Fermilab.
The projected shadowy massive force carrying particle twins are not observed as yet, and are not likely to be observed since the origin of force is not necessarily matter. As the phrase “force carrier” suggests, force carrying particles are not made of force, they simply carry force. In the basic building blocks of matter or energy (such as a neutrino or a wave), a force component has not been observed. Sciences are based on observations. The notion that the origin of force is matter is a mere presumption, and is far from having a sound scientific basis. The simultaneous appearance of matter and force like siamese twins has conditioned even the scientists who are supposed to maintain their objectivity into presuming that the origin of force is matter, and this presumption remains a serious obstacle before new scientific breakthroughs. Serious consideration should be given to the alternative view that force is independent of matter, and the force itself is a different layer or dimension of existence. Or a different universe of its own. It is about time that we view the universe as being two-layered (and even multi-layered) rather than just one layer. That is,

Current view (one layered): Existence = Matter (or energy)
 Proposed view (two layered): Existence = Matter (or energy) + Force

We should differentiate matter and force in beings as we do carbon and light in a diamond, and we should view force as an invisible light that penetrates into matter fully. This approach does not necessitate us to change anything we know about matter and energy. But it may open an avenue towards finding answers to many of the mind-bugling questions – like force carrying particles not having to possess mass.

The scientific community that had no difficulty in accepting the universe to have existed as a single point of infinite density before the big bang and the existence of dark matter and dark energy all over the universe by just observing the gravitational force it exerts without actually observing it directly should approach unorthodox proposals objectively by keeping an open mind and avoiding deeply rooted bias that stems from customs. It should be kept in mind that the biggest scientific breakthroughs in history came from the most absurd ideas. As Einstein puts it, “If at first the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it.” Any questions about the source of the force layer can be left to philosophers and theologians, just like the question about the source of the matter before the big bang.

We should also mention an interesting observation about protons. There are over 100 elements in nature – some naturally occurring and some artificially made in labs by fusion. The characteristic difference between these elements is the number of protons in their nucleus. For example, a hydrogen atom contains 1 proton, carbon 6, iron 26, and gold 79. But all protons are the same – just like a grains rise in a bag. If, when tightly wrapped, 6 grains of rise become a bean instead of a 6-grain rise stack, 26 grains become a corn, and 79 grains become a hazelnut, there is something peculiar going on. Or, if 6 white men become a single giant black man when tightly wrapped, and he then turns back to 6 white men when the rope is removed… Even more peculiar, if 2 engineers turn into a medical doctor when tightly wrapped, and 3 engineers turn into a lawyer… We will probably give up. The characters of carbon, iron, and gold are very different from each other, and it is clear that this character does not originate from the protons themselves. This is because the protons possess neither the character of carbon, nor iron or gold. It also appears that it is quite possible to convert carbon or iron into gold – all we need to do is to split the carbon or iron atoms as we split uranium atoms in nuclear power plants, and recombine the released protons into groups of 79.

Similarly, if we mix two hydrogen atoms with one oxygen, this becomes a gas mixture with the properties of both components. But when the hydrogen and oxygen atoms combine with a chemical bond, we obtain “water” with completely different properties. Considering that the force that provides the chemical bond does not possess the properties of water or any other compound, where does the character of compounds such as water come from? Newton’s questioning of the fall of an apple opened a new age in physics. The impact of the answers of the questions raised here will probably not be any less. We may go on insisting that the universe is one-layered (matter), and be skeptical about the suggestion that it may be two-layered (matter and force). I am of the opinion that articulate researchers that manage to strip themselves off prejudices and preconceived ideas brought about for hundreds of years will observe and show that the universe is not just one- or two-, but multi-layered. And only one of those layers is associated with matter that we got stuck into.

THE INVISIBLE ENGINES OF THE UNIVERSE: LAWS

Laws and rules are the foundations of order and peace in the entire world, and this is also the case in the universe. For example, if just the law of gravity is relinquished, everything will start flying around, and there will be a complete chaos. The laws in a country reflect the general will of the people that live in that county, and the natural laws in the universe reflect a universal will that rules over the universe. The police force in a county enforces the law, and makes sure that people live by the laws. In the universe, this is done by natural laws and principles – like the gravitational force ensuring that everything obeys the law of gravity.

Laws are not of matter, and thus they are not subject to limitations of time and space. As such, they rule everywhere, but they are not anywhere. The total obedience of every particle of matter to laws of nature and the manifestation of laws by their appearance in matter perpetuated the presumption that the origin of laws, like the origin of force, is matter. In the basic building blocks of matter (particles or waves), there is no such thing as “law” as a component – just like there is no material component of laws in the bodies of law-obeying people. We can even say that the law of gravity will continue to exist even if all matter in the universe disappears, and Fourier’s law of heat conduction will still apply even if there is no conduction of heat (as in the case of the whole universe being at the same temperature). This is like the income tax law remaining applicable over an entire country even if there is no income generated in a particular year since the law is not a part of the income or the people that generate it.

A body is subjected to several laws at once. What we observe on the body is the net effect of the laws. In analysis, we typically disregard the laws that have minor effects for simplicity, but it should be kept in mind that every natural law is applicable everywhere. When we analyze the fall of a rock, for example, we usually consider the gravitational force only, and disregard the lifting effect of air due to buoyancy (the Archimedes’ law) and the frictional force that opposes the motion (Hooke’s law) because they are small (not because they are not valid). But when we analyze the motion of a helium balloon after it is released, we definitely consider the lifting effects of air because it is the dominant effect in this case (helium gas is much lighter than air).

To gain a better understanding of the matter-law relation, let us reconsider the helium balloon. We first release the balloon and record its rise by a video camera, and note the time when the balloon reaches the top of a building and the time and place where it bursts. Then let us model this motion in a computer by using a realistic picture of the balloon and the surroundings and by entering all relevant data about the environmental conditions. Now let us apply all the laws associated with this motion (such as gravity, friction, buoyancy, ideal gas, the variation of pressure with elevation, etc.) as mathematical expressions, and plot the motion of the balloon on the screen. We will observe that the motion of the virtual balloon in the computer is identical to that of the real balloon. The virtual balloon will also reach the top of the building at the same time, and it will burst at the recorded time and elevation. If we play the actual video and the animated plots side by side, we will have a hard time differentiating the motions of real and virtual balloons. We can give hundreds of such examples, and we can draw important conclusions from them.

First, it should be clear that the essence of existence is not matter; rather, it is the laws that are non-matter. That is, it is the spirit. It appears that the threads of laws weave an appropriate spirit for the balloon, and the material of the balloon simply obeys that spirit. The balloon is like a cloth or a body to that non-matter spirit, and it makes it possible for the spirit of the balloon made of interwoven laws to be visible to the eye. Note that the mental eye can view the motion of the virtual balloon on an imaginary screen directly using the light of knowledge since the “mind” is not matter, and it does not need matter and ordinary light to be able to see. The same set of laws and thus the same spirit pulls down the things heavier than air (like a stone) instead of raising them.

The material of the balloon is open to all kinds of danger, and can burst at any time. But the spirit that flies the balloon is present anywhere anytime, even if the balloon is burst into pieces, even to its molecules and atoms. It seems like the balloon comes into eternal existence by entering nonexistence. The spirit that’s made of laws can reappear in the material world anytime by entering into a new balloon, and even into millions of balloons at the same time. Firearms and explosions can destroy even the atoms of the balloon, but they cannot harm that spirit because it is not made of matter. Considering that there is nothing in the universe that is not subjected to laws, we can say that even a simple atom has a spirit or a non-matter twin that’s made of laws at the minimum. If the physical laws were cancelled, all beings would disintegrate and the universe would turn into a cloud of dust.

The second lesson we learn from the balloon example is related to the importance of sciences and theories that make it possible to see how an event would progress before it actually occurs. The presence of order and art in all beings, the careful use of right measurements, and the appearance of purpose and use in all things shows that everything in the universe is made with knowledge and there is widespread information. Like scientific laws, scientific information is also non-matter. That is, the source of information cannot be matter since there is no such thing as “information” as a component in the basic building blocks of matter (particles or waves). Thus we conclude that the amount of information is constant – that is, it does not change with time or space, and it does not increase or decrease with time. What changes is the amount of what we are aware. What the researchers do is not to invent new information, but rather, to discover information that existed all along – just like a treasure hunter searching and discovering an existing treasure.

The widespread rays of information in beings can only be seen with the mental eye. What is generally done in scientific research is to try to see these rays of information in beings by careful and controlled observations, to determine the general scientific law or principle that these rays stem form by conducting a sufficient number observations, and to test and confirm the new theory or principle by a sufficient number of new tests and observations. Therefore, as the thermodynamicist Boltzmann said, “There is nothing more practical than a good theory”. Another important source of information is inspiration that sparks in the heart. Perception, the sixth sense, and instinct are the reflections of information on the heart instead of the mind. This mechanism can be an important source of information for people with extrasensory perception (ESP).

The universal laws and principles are general information that govern change, and provide a general framework for particular information that pertain the specifics of beings. When working on something, doing the best is done with knowledge, and as the scientific knowledge increases, things can be done better. Therefore, great importance is placed in modern societies in conveying the scientific information that has accumulated over hundreds of years to young minds. This is because “information” is the most important material that can be used when making something new. People like architects and engineers who design new things build those things – a TV, for example, – with information in their imagination without using any “material”, and record their design on paper or a CD. This virtual being constitutes the soul or the “informational body” of the thing to be built. Then what is left for craftsmen and technicians is to dress this soul of information with thousands and even millions of material bodies in workshops or factories. Considering that the tasks that require hand craftsmanship are being left to industrial robots, it becomes apparent that the most valuable thing for human beings to be involved in is acquiring knowledge and practicing creativity by building with imagination. The things that do not possess a sound informational existence or soul cannot have strong material bodies either, and those material bodies cannot stay intact for long. In democratic societies, visionaries are given great importance since they build a new soul for the society. The society then renews itself by adopting this new soul. In totalitarian societies that do not want change, on the other hand, the thinkers and writers that generate a new soul for the society by their knowledge and imagination are viewed as most dangerous people, and are suppressed.

A NEW LOOK AT BEINGS

When it comes to perceiving our environment and beings, we rely on our five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch). All these five senses are related to matter. Therefore, we cannot see things that have no material existence (such as the mind and love), and we cannot touch such things either. As a result, we tend to view material things as real beings, and non-material beings (things that have no material existence) as imaginary beings or as reflections of materialistic interactions. In reality, everything we perceive as matter – from subatomic particles to galaxies, from microbes to human beings – is a blend of matter and meaning (non-matter), and some sort of fabric interwoven of material and meaning fibers. And the thing of essence is the meaning, not the matter. Matter is just a dress or a sheath, which enables us to perceive meanings by our five senses. That is, meaning is the kernel, and matter is the shell. Meaning is beyond time and place; matter is subject to time and place, and therefore the laws of physics. For those having doubts and difficulty in understanding the meaning, there are many convincing examples. Below we discuss a few of them.

As the first example, let us consider a 100-gram book consisting of 99 grams of paper and 1gram of ink, and compare it to 1gram of ink randomly spilled over 99 grams of paper. In terms of matter, there is no difference between a 100-gram book and 100-grams of ink-stained papers. If we send those two to a materials analysis lab for tests, both will come back with identical reports for content. Considering that the 100-gram book and 100-gram of inked paper are identical as far as materials is concerned, all differences between those two are related to the meaning only and thus they are non-material. Therefore, what we call “meaning” for a book is everything other than the paper and ink. A book, it appears, is a material being that consists of ink and paper, is visible to the eye, and touchable by the hand. But in reality, what makes the book a book are the meanings in it, and the material being of a book is nothing compared to its meaning, which is the non-material being. As a matter of fact, the e-books whose popularity have increased in recent years and can be recorded on a little space on a CD or a flashcard have neither ink nor paper. It appears like words can be written in any color and reorganized by electric energy converted to light on the face of a screen. It can even be said that what we call a book is a screen, a monitor, a sheath, or a binocular that make it possible for the meanings to appear on pages.

Another example that will be helpful in understanding the relation between matter and meaning is the rose. Let’s take two roses that are completely identical, and smash one of them until it turns to sludge. Then let’s ask if there is any difference between those two. Most likely, such a question will be considered absurd, and it will be said that a rose cannot be compared to a pile of sludge. However, if the rose and its sludge twin are sent to a chemistry lab for analysis, the lab report received will state that materially both are identical. Thus, materially, there is no difference between a rose and the sludge of its smashed twin. But those two are obviously different, and the difference between them is entirely meaning since it is not material. (I don’t suppose any one will even think of giving a smashed rose instead of an actual rose thinking that materially they are the same.) This means, every attribute and quality that the sludge does not have is related to meaning, and the value of rose’s matter is virtually nothing compared to the value of its meaning. In other words, what makes the rose a rose is not its matter, but rather, the meaning that transcends on that matter. Rose is a sort of meaning bearer, and it is first thing that comes to mind when one wishes to send pleasant meanings. The person who receives the rose actually receives the pleasant meanings sent, not its matter, and absorbs meanings and rejoices via the senses. Unless, of course, it is received by one who sees nothing other than matter, and is unaware of meaning, like a donkey or a cow. Here, the most fundamental difference between human beings and animals is the hundreds of such feelings and the associated non-material stomachs. In other words, animals have only one stomach whereas humans have hundreds of them, and all but one are associated with meanings. Therefore, living to eat is, in essence, resigning from humanity.

The thing that makes a rose beautiful is obviously not the beauty in its atoms since the nitrogen or hydrogen atom in a rose is completely identical to the one in a smashed rose – just like carbon atoms in graphite and diamond being identical. Since what is not in its parts cannot be in the whole (the conservation law), the beauty of a rose must be emanating from outside rather than its material – just like a diamonds’ fascinating glitter originating from a source of light outside. The special trait of roses and other beautiful things is their ability to receive and reflect this beauty – just like the special trait of diamond being its ability to receive and scatter light in a glamorous way. And this necessitates the existence of widespread beauty and thus a layer of beauty, which has nothing to do with matter (and thus time) in the universe. Even the Ancient Romans and Greeks must have felt this meaning, so they have sanctified this layer as Venus or Aphrodite, “the goddess of love and beauty”.

As the final example, let’s consider a housefly. Like all other living things, the basic building blocks of a fly consist mainly of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms, which are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons like all other elements. In other words all beings, dead or alive, consist of atoms (or electrons, protons and neutrons), and the cement holding these basic building blocks together is the force. Now let’s put a dead fly to its alive twin side by side, and compare them. Materially, these two flies are identical since no mass is gained or lost by death. Further, if the live fly stands still, it is rather difficult to distinguish it from the dead one. Thus we can say that every difference between the dead and live beings – life, sight, hearing, order, beauty, consciousness, love, etc. – is immaterial and thus meaning. Consider life, for example. There is no such component as life in the atoms or molecules (or the particles or waves they are made of) that all living organisms are made of. Considering that what is not in its parts cannot be in the whole, life has to be non-matter and thus meaning, and can have no relevance to time and space. Then, there must exist a vast “life” layer in the universe emitting the light of life, and everything that is capable of receiving this light of life – whether it has a material body or not – is alive.

Observations show that the common feature of all living things is to contain water in their bodies. Therefore, the search for extraterrestrial life is conducted by seeking water. But water is not the source of the life, and cannot be. This is because there is no such thing as life in a water molecule that consists of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms, and the claim that water is the source of something that it does not have is absurd, just like the false claims that the diamond is the source of light it scatters or the television set is the source of images on its screen. Furthermore, the presence of matter is not necessary for the existence of life that is immaterial, and animate beings without material bodies are quite possible.

DIAMOND: ITS MATTER AND GLITTER

What the word “diamond” brings into one’s mind is not the material of it, but its lively colorful, enchanting glitter that flatters the eyes and the hearts. In fact, the basic structural element of diamond is carbon, which is known by its matte black color, absorbing almost all of the light incident on it (and thus the black color). The reason behind diamond’s charm is not the value or the amount of its dense material, but its ability to take in a translucent world (the world of light) outside itself and to scatter its rays. Thus, the most precious diamond is not the largest and the heaviest one, but rather the one with highest clarity, purity, and perfection and thus the one with the best light scattering ability. That is, it is the diamond that exhibits the glitter of light best while it remains virtually invisible to the point that one who looks at the diamond sees only the array of fascinating beauty displayed by light and not notice its material carbon. It looks like the diamond comes into existence as it goes out of existence, and goes out of existence as it comes into existence.

Everyone knows that the source of diamonds fascinating glitter is not its material, but the light that comes from an external source. That is, those captivating glitters are not emanate from carbon atoms, the building blocks of diamonds, but from an external source like the sun or a lamp. This can easily be proved by taking the diamond into a dark room. It will be observed that all the glitter will disappear and even the diamond itself cannot no longer be seen. It appears that what makes the diamond a diamond and gives the diamond its beauty, charm, and fascination is the light incident on it. A diamond without the light is like a dead corpse without the soul.

Attempting to explain that the source of light that seems to be coming off the diamond is external may be stating the obvious and may even look ridiculous since no one would claim otherwise. However, this easily acceptable simple observation is of great importance since it may serve as a leader to climb to important phenomenon that is hard to reach. To begin with, let’s ask the following question: If there existed no darkness in the universe, and light sources such as the sun weren’t visible – that is, there existed abundant light everywhere all the time – how would we explain the light constantly coming off the diamond which would shine continually? Would we still easily say that the light comes from an external source that we cannot see, or would we claim that the source of those charming glitters is the diamond itself? Considering how shortsighted people are in general and how they take things at face value, the answer is not going to be that easy this time. In this case, since we wouldn’t be aware of an all-encompassing spread-out light layer, we would have claimed that those glittering lights come from the diamond itself without a second thought, even if we do not understand how. And in so doing, we would have fallen into a deep illusion and constantly struggle with dilemmas and deadlocks. For example, we would see that a single carbon atom (or a group of carbon atoms arranged as graphite) does not glitter, and would seek answer to the fundamental question “how can a feature that does not exit in its basic structural elements, exist in its whole?”

While some of researchers examine the carbon atom in its finest detail and try to understand where in the atom the light originates, others who realize that the light-emitting diamond and non-emitting graphite differ not in the atoms but in their arrangement, would search for the secret of light in the bonds between the atoms rather than within the atoms themselves. And as evidence they would point the variation of emitted light with the changes in the shape and cut of the diamond. At the end, many contradicting and confusing theories would be proposed, and while some theories are rejected, others would be accepted at least on temporary basis for the lack of better ones. And these fundamentally wrong researches would be introduced as exact sciences, and those involved in these research projects as scientists. Any suggestions on searching the origin of light outside the diamond would be judged as fictive or an unscientific approach by these researchers whose minds are blocked by their eyesight, and wouldn’t be given any consideration. This prejudiced approach would build a wall on the path of sciences rather than opening a pathway, and would block its progress. When we look at the history of science, we see that the greatest breakthroughs in the world of science have resulted when unorthodox approaches that counteract the established ones are taken – like Einstein’s stripping himself off the hard rules of classical mechanics a century ago and proposing the theory of relativity.

In the light of the discussions above (hmmm, is some kind of light coming off discussions, too?), we may express the diamond as follows:

Diamond = Carbon + Light

That is, what makes the diamond a diamond is light; more correctly, its ability to take in and scatter out light. It is interesting that the diamond’s vicinity is also filled with light, but we don’t even notice that all-encompassing but invisible being. It is present everywhere is space, but we can see light only via things such like diamonds that receive and scatter it. Hence, it could be said that a substance made of carbon is diamond if it reflects light, and graphite otherwise. The most magnificent diamond is the one that reflects the light in the most fascinating way in accordance with the laws of optics. Therefore, in cutting and processing diamonds, the main factor taken into consideration is the light and the ability to reflect light. The first requirement for becoming a diamond craftsman is also to know light and its characteristics well.

It appears that the reality of diamond and the secret behind its captivating glitter can only be understood when the presence of an all-encompassing world of light is realized, and the diamond is viewed as a compatible composition of the worlds of carbon and light. This simple observation would play a key role in trying to understand the true nature of beings, and deeply affect our perception of the environment and our understanding of creation. The approach to separate beings into their fundamental layers will provide a breakthrough in scientific approach, and it will form the seed of human progress and the establishment of a true civilization on earth. Therefore, it is very appropriate call this approach “the diamond theory”.

CLOSURE
The source of positive sciences is observation. In the 5th century B.C., it had been stated that everything is made up of air, earth, water, and fire by Empedocles as a result of simple observations, and this theory dominated the sciences for many centuries. However, since 17th century, re-questioning of the universe and the discovery of the elements have caused a serious leap in scientific advancement, and many new branches of sciences have emerged. Today, we know that everything is made up of 100 or so elements, and every matter can be expressed as a combination of those elements. This initiative has also resulted in the discovery of many chemical compounds and development of modern chemistry.

The idée fix of the modern scientific community is the deeply rooted preconceived notion that the source of everything is matter or its equivalent energy, and this causes blockages and deadlocks in sciences on the path of progress. The scientific community should recognize and openly express that there are no such things as force, willpower, life, consciousness, sight, love, beauty, etc. in the basic building blocks of matter, regardless of whether they are particles or waves, and something cannot exist in the whole if it is not present in its parts. It is about time that the current single-layered view of the universe made of matter or energy be seriously questioned (and even abandoned), and a multi-layered view of the universe – that all beings consisting of numerous independent immaterial layers of force, willpower, life, consciousness, sight, love, beauty, etc. as well as matter or energy, be seriously considered. The proposed view is fully consistent with observations, which is the primary source of positive sciences. Any discussions on the sources of these layers can be deferred to philosophy and theology, just like the discussions on the source of matter and energy before Big Bang.
The reality of diamond can be understood only when it is noticed that the origin of its glitter is a light source outside, and not the carbon atoms or the bonds between the them. The reality of television can be understood only when it is noticed that the origin of various channels of sights and sounds is the dozens of broadcasts surrounding the TV set, and not the TV set itself; that is, when it is realized that the television is only the receiver of the broadcasts, not the source of them. Likewise, the reality of beings shall be understood only when it is realized that the origins of numerous immaterial glitters such as force and life that shine on matter are the numerous immaterial layers, and not the matter itself. That will be the beginning of true enlightenment for humanity.

Note: The material layer is conserved (conservation of mass/energy), but the immaterial layers are not.

Prof.Dr.Yunus Cengel

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